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He shed so much blood that Muslims and Christians believed he was the Antichrist. He was with so many women that today millions of people are thought to be descended from him. From the moment he was born, the world was never the same. He was the greatest ruler history had ever seen — Genghis Khan.
Genghis, whose real name was Temüjin, was a boy of eight in the steppes of Mongolia when, during a journey with his father, his father was poisoned by rival tribes. Betrayed by those closest to him, he was forced to live secretly in the forest with his mother and brothers. These harsh days played an important role in his development. By his own account, when his entire family was about to die of hunger, one of his brothers caught a fish and refused to share it with them. Genghis was forced to kill his brother. “Life on the steppe is hard,” say the Mongols, “it is so cold that even the ice shivers.”
Thus, he describes his secret childhood in the Mongolian steppes as the hardest years of his life. In his youth, even worse things awaited him.
During those years, after being defeated by his enemies, Genghis was sold as a slave in China and displayed in a cage for more than a year. According to Genghis, while being exhibited like a monkey, an old Buddhist monk approached him and asked for forgiveness, saying he had seen that Genghis would one day become a great khan and burn the world. The monk had a single request: that Genghis spare the Yutan Buddhist temple atop the mountains in exchange for his help. Indeed, it happened as foretold. Genghis destroyed China, killed millions, and leveled temples and houses of worship, but he never touched the Yutan temple. He never forgot the old monk’s help nor the promise he had made.
After uniting the nomadic tribes of Central Asia and conquering China, Genghis Khan now had only one goal: to dominate the entire world, and he turned westward. In cities he besieged, if there was resistance, he showed no mercy. He had sworn not to spare women, men, or children.
For this reason, the greatest massacres occurred in the Turkish lands that resisted. Bukhara was one of Asia’s most developed and populous cities at that time. Now Genghis Khan’s target was this important city.
The Turks in the city, aware of what Genghis had done in his other conquests, believed he was the Antichrist and knew that if they resisted, he would leave no stone unturned. The notables of Bukhara sent a delegation to Genghis Khan asking him not to destroy mosques, burn books, or massacre people, in exchange for surrender.
Genghis accepted, and the city’s twelve gates were opened to the Mongol army. After entering, however, Genghis spoke the words that would be written in history in blood: “Do not destroy the mosques; burn them. Do not massacre the people; bury them alive. Do not burn the books; throw them into the river. No one can say I did not keep my word. As I said, I did not slaughter anyone, I did not burn the books, I did not destroy the mosques.” At that time Bukhara was known to have a population of 200,000–300,000. After the invasion, not a single chicken, not a single child was left alive. All were buried alive.
But this was not his only desire. Beyond conquering the world, Genghis Khan had other ambitions. He wanted eternity — immortality. For this reason, he greatly valued shamans and seers, always keeping one by his side. On one occasion, he asked an old Buddhist monk for the secret of immortality. The old man told Genghis that the more women he lay with, the longer he would live. For this reason, in every city he conquered he took dozens of women into his bed and married many of them.
In fact, he had relations with so many women that today it is estimated he has between 16 and 35 million descendants worldwide.
On our ancient planet, the person whose lineage continues the most is Genghis Khan. As the Mongols advanced west, rivers of blood flowed, and fear grew in Muslim and Christian lands alike. Muslims described the Mongols as ruthless “Gog and Magog” with big heads, short stature, broad bodies, and small eyes. Christians said the Antichrist had arisen and would invade Europe.
Perhaps they were right. Genghis Khan killed about 1% of the world’s population at the time and conquered half the world. Although he did not interfere with freedom of religion in the lands he conquered, he remained faithful to shamanic traditions and the Tengri belief until his death, and he willed his grandchildren to recognize only one religion: the religion of Tengri. During wartime, he considered envoys who invited him to Islam or Christianity an insult and had them boiled alive as punishment.
This mighty ruler had only one fear he could never overcome: dogs. Whenever he saw a dog, he would look for a place to hide. Among his friends and family, this was always a source of humor. How did a man whose childhood and youth were filled with hardship become history’s most merciless and greatest ruler? The Khan summarized it in these words:
“I thought. I thought a lot. More than any human being has ever thought.” At the same time, Genghis Khan strictly followed the rules accepted among the Mongols, known as the laws of the steppe. But he also made significant additions. Some of the rules added by Genghis Khan were these: Whoever makes a mistake on the battlefield is punished by the commander on the spot. The defeated have no right to impose conditions. The penalty for resistance is death. The families of defeated enemies are divided equally among the soldiers. A soldier may take as many concubines as he wants, and the children of concubines are accepted as legitimate and inherit equally. Anyone who intervenes in a fight between two people and helps one of them is punished with death. Anyone who takes property from others three times and goes bankrupt three times is punished with death after the third bankruptcy. The penalty for lying is death. The penalty for a Mongol changing his religion is death. The meat of any animal may be eaten; whoever forbids one of them is punished with death. But the animal must be killed by tying its legs, cutting its abdomen, and squeezing its heart by hand. Only the meat of an animal killed in this way may be eaten. The penalty for not providing food and lodging to travelers is death. Alcohol may be drunk every day, but during wartime it is forbidden to get drunk more than three times a month. The goods of a bargaining merchant are confiscated, and the penalty is death. The penalty for choosing a sect of any religion is death.
A Mongol noble sentenced to death may, if he wishes, have his back broken and die that way. This was a very old Mongol tradition. Among the Mongols, if nobles were to be executed, it was done in this way, considered an honorable death — their backs broken and left on the steppe. These were only part of Genghis Khan’s laws. He was one of the harshest leaders the steppe had ever seen. He ruled half the world and killed about 40 million people in those wars.
Perhaps he never found immortality, but his name was immortalized in memory and will continue forever to be accepted worldwide as history’s greatest ruler. Upon his death, according to ancient Central Asian tradition, everyone who took part in his burial was killed so that his grave would never be found. It is believed he was buried under a riverbed in Mongolia after the course of the river was changed.
After his death, his children and grandchildren expanded the empire’s borders even further. From the Arabian Peninsula to the heart of Europe, beyond the China Sea, to the mountains of India and as far as Moscow, two-thirds of the world became part of the Mongol Empire. And Genghis inscribed his name in eternity.
All Mongols feared thunder. Only Genghis Khan overcame this fear. To those who asked how, he said: “I have no place left to hide. I forgot fear. The Sky God helped me overcome fear.” For this reason, even today in Central Asia, whenever thunder rolls, people believe Genghis Khan is watching the Mongols.
He was truly one of the greatest rulers in history. With his warrior identity and his laws, he left a deep mark on his people. But ultimately, Genghis Khan created a revolution not only with his power on the battlefield but also with his success in statecraft and strategy.
Genghis Khan’s name still lives in the memories of the peoples of Central Asia and is regarded as one of the most powerful rulers in world history. His great conquests during his lifetime and his contributions to the founding of empires wrote his name in golden letters in history.
All Mongols still honor the powerful legacy and influence Genghis Khan left on his people. He is an important figure not only for the Mongols but for the history of all humanity. After all, his name is still remembered around the world and continues to inspire.
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