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Main Ecosystems in Ireland Ireland hosts a variety of ecosystems, each supporting unique biodiversity: Terrestrial Ecosystems: These include temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, such as the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests. Notably, ancient temperate rainforests composed of oak, hazel, birch, ash, and alder are now rare, covering only 0.04% of Northern Ireland's land. These forests are under threat from the expansion of non-native conifer plantations, particularly Sitka spruce. ​ Freshwater Ecosystems: Ireland's freshwater systems, like the River Shannon and Lough Derg, are part of the Northern British Isles ecoregion. These habitats are crucial for native species but are increasingly threatened by invasive species such as zebra mussels. ​ Marine Ecosystems: The Celtic Seas, part of the Northern European Seas province, encompass Ireland's marine environments. These areas are rich in biodiversity and are vital for fisheries and coastal communities. ​