描述
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), known for its advanced urban planning, flourished between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and parts of India and Afghanistan. Often regarded alongside ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, the IVC was distinctively widespread, with major urban centers such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. These cities featured well-constructed baked brick houses, sophisticated drainage systems, and a reliable water supply, showcasing the society's commitment to innovation. The civilization supported large populations, with estimates suggesting that cities could house between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals. Families in the IVC likely lived in nuclear units, providing care and support to their children while contributing to the larger community. However, as the climate gradually dried during the 3rd millennium BCE, the water supply dwindled, leading to the civilization's decline. Despite its eventual dispersal, the Indus Valley Civilization remains a significant chapter in human history, reflecting the achievements and complexities of early societies.